南京市湿地水质对城市化影响强度的响应研究

选取28个受城市化影响程度不同的典型湿地,对其水质进行连续监测.另一方面利用GIS技术及景观生态学原理对城市湿地所在集水区不透水类型及林地类型进行景观分析,并构建城市化影响指数(UEI),进一步对区域城市化水平与湿地水质进行相关分析.结果表明:①南京仙林新市区湿地水质季节性变化表现为夏季水质较差,冬季水质相对较好,春、秋季节差别不大.②湿地水质与城市化水平有着明显的相关关系,城市化水平等级越高,湿地水质越差,其中高等城市化水平(HU)湿地TP、TN、NH4+-N、Chla等富营养化指标质量浓度分别达到0.27、1.07、0.15、17.94 mg.L-1,而低等城市化水平(LW)湿地其质量浓度则分别为0.12、0.56、0.12、4.85 mg.L-1.③城市化影响指数与湿地水质存在着阈值关系,整体来看,当UEI值超过2.2时,湿地水质恶化速度加快.     

沉积物中六氯苯对颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物颤蚓(淡水单孔蚓)为受试生物,研究了沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)对淡水单孔蚓14 d和28 d的毒性效应.结果表明,沉积物中HCB对颤蚓致死效应较低,当HCB浓度为190 mg· kg-,连续暴露28 d时,致死率低于8％.但HCB对颤蚓具有较强的慢性毒性效应,当HCB浓度为190 mg·kg-1,连续暴露28 d时,身体自断率高达90％,并且随着浓度升高和暴露时间延长,颤蚓自断率明显增高.HCB对颤蚓自断14 d和28 d的EC50分别为＞190 mg·kg-1和97.1 mg· kg-1.HCB对颤蚓行为(运动和挖掘)产生明显抑制作用.随着HCB浓度增加和暴露时间延长,颤蚓运动强度减弱,并伴随摄食量减少与体重减轻现象.     

微生物-化学水解联合作用下烟嘧磺隆的降解

从被烟嘧磺隆污染的人工湿地土壤中分离出1株能够在葡萄糖存在下降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物,通过16S rDNA序列同源相似性分析,初步鉴定该微生物为Klebsiella sp..它能够以烟嘧磺隆为唯一氮源生长,其最适生长条件为:温度35℃,初始pH为中性偏酸.水解试验表明,烟嘧磺隆在中性和碱性条件下比较稳定,在酸性条件下水解较快.生物降解试验发现,当培养液中葡萄糖浓度为5 g.L-1时,在温度35℃、初始pH为7的条件下培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆有99.4%得到降解,同时溶液的pH从7.0降低至4.0;而降低葡萄糖浓度分别为500 mg.L-1和100 mg.L-1时,培养10 d后烟嘧磺隆的降解率仅为11.7%和6.6%,溶液的pH始终在7左右.进一步研究表明烟嘧磺隆的降解是由于微生物代谢葡萄糖产生了酸性环境,pH降低引起了烟嘧磺隆水解,菌种对烟嘧磺隆降解的实质是微生物-化学水解联合作用.     

某型无人机伞降回收系统故障模式、 影响及危害性分析

为提高某型无人机伞降回收系统的可靠性,采用硬件法与功能法相结合的方法对该系统进行了故障模式及影响分析,利用定量分析方法和危害性矩阵图对该系统的危害性进行了分析。研究结果表明,需要对"主伞故障"这一失效模式加以重点关注。给出了使用中应采取的预防措施,使系统的可靠性得到了显著增长。     

含砷毒剂降解产物三苯胂对大豆萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度三苯胂(Triphenylarsine,TPA)沙质室内培养东北代表性作物大豆,研究日本遗弃在华化学武器("日遗化武")装填毒剂的主要降解产物之——TPA(C18H15As)对大豆萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在0 mg/kg～400 mg/kg TPA浓度范围内,大豆受到的毒性效应随浓度增大而增大,直至无法生长;试验大豆的萌发率、根长、下胚轴长和株高等形态指标均随着培养介质中TPA浓度的增加而出现抑制效应明显增加的趋势;其中根系是大豆幼苗期砷累积的主要器官,也是对环境TPA毒害效应最敏感、响应最早的部位之一。日遗华武泄漏造成的土壤污染若处理不当会对埋藏地种植的大豆作物生长产生影响。     

沂蒙山区典型小流域特殊降雨的磷素输出特征

为揭示沂蒙山区不同降雨条件下的磷素流失规律,对当地孟良崮小流域2010年13场自然降雨径流量及磷素浓度的动态过程进行实地监测,研究了年内产生有效径流的首场和最大强度2场特殊降雨的径流、磷素输出负荷、初期冲刷效应及径流量同磷素负荷之间的关系.结果表明,首场降雨径流中溶解态有机磷(DOP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)、溶解态全磷(DP)、颗粒态全磷(PP)和总磷(TP)浓度明显高于最大强度降雨,而其输出负荷分别为最大强度降雨的168%、54%、71%、48%和54%;2场降雨对小流域磷素年输出负荷有重要影响,DOP、DIP、DP、PP和TP的输出总量分别占整个雨季输出的48%、81%、70%、87%和81%,其中DIP占DP流失的77%,PP占TP流失的71%;2场降雨均存在污染物的初期冲刷效应,最大强度降雨的初期冲刷效应较首场降雨强烈;2场降雨的各磷素累积输出负荷同累积径流量之间均呈线性关系,且拟合度较好,但首场降雨各形态磷素直线方程的斜率均大于最大强度降雨.根据气象预报尽量减少在特殊降雨期间翻耕、施肥等农事活动,以及有针对性地建立沟渠、池塘等截污措施减少初期冲刷效应,是降低农业非点源污染的有效途径.     

Oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali FGD system

A laboratory-scale well-mixed thermostatic reactor with continuously blasting air was used to investigate the oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization （FGD） system. The effects of operating parameters such as pH value and catalyst concentration on the oxidation were studied. Sodium thiosulfate was used in the system, and was found that it significantly inhabited the sulfite oxidation. In the absence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 12.67 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency of approximately 98%. While in the presence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 26.72 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency less than 85.0%. The oxidation reaction order of sulfite in the sodium thiosulfate was determined to be -1.90 and 4）.55 in the absence and presence of the catalyst, respectively. Apparent activation energy of oxidation inhibition was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. Pilot tests showed that the consumption rate of thiosulfate agreed well with the laboratory-scale experimental results.     

道路生态影响评价方法研究：以兰海高速公路为例

提出了将道路生态影响问题划分为3个尺度来进行评价,并根据不同尺度的生态特征采用不同的方法和指标,从而系统、定量的评价道路建设和运行所带来的生态影响.小尺度问题采用野外调查和样方对比的方法;中尺度问题主要依靠不同分辨率的遥感监测,辅之野外调研;大尺度问题主要依靠遥感和GIS结合进行分析.以兰海高速公路为例,运用该系统进行评价,取得了良好的结果.因此,该体系方法可以作为道路生态影响评价和研究的借鉴和参考.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

The effects of scale and spatial heterogeneities on diffusion in volcanic breccias and basalts: Amchitka Island, Alaska

Knowledge of the factors that influence the diffusion of contaminants, such as the diffusivity and the connected porosity, is crucial to modeling the long-term fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface systems with small or negligible advective flow, such as in fractured crystalline rock. Fractured rock is naturally heterogeneous, and hence, understanding the diffusivity of a molecule through this material (or the formation factor of the medium) becomes a complex problem, with critical concerns about the scale of laboratory measurements and about the spatial variability of these measurements relative to the scale needed for fate and transport modeling. This study employed both electrical and tracer-based laboratory methods to investigate the effects of scale and pore system connectivity on the diffusivity for volcanic matrix rock derived from the study site, a former underground nuclear test site at Amchitka Island, Alaska. The results of these investigations indicate a relatively well-connected pore system with scale effects generally limited to approximately 6 cm lengths and well-correlated to observed heterogeneous features. An important conclusion resulting from this study, however, is that there is a potential for the estimated diffusivity to be misrepresented by an order of magnitude if multiple samples or longer sample lengths are not used. Given the relatively large number of measurements resulting from these investigations, an analysis of the probability density function (PDF) of the diffusivity was possible. The PDF of the diffusivity was shown to generally follow a normal distribution for individual geologic layers. However, when all of the geologic layers are considered together, the distribution of the subsurface as a whole was shown to follow a lognormal distribution due to the order of magnitude differences amongst the layers. An understanding of these distributions is essential for future stochastic modeling efforts.